厌氧序批式反应器预处理垃圾渗滤液的碳平衡研究

为初步了解垃圾渗滤液中有机物降解过程的物质和能量转化,对渗滤液实际处理工程提供借鉴,在最优工艺参数条件下,分别用处于中温(35±1)℃和常温状态的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理。通过对反应器内的液相、气相和固相碳素进行全面的分析测定,结果表明:中温(常温)条件下,整个反应周期内约有86.4%(77.6%)的碳进入气相,约有1.7%(1.4%)的碳进入固相,其余约11.7%(22.3%)的碳仍存于液相中;其中,进入气相部分的碳有77.6%(71.3%)以甲烷形式存在,8.8%(4.7%)以二氧化碳形式存在,这说明ASBR预处理垃圾渗滤液过程中产生的甲烷资源化利用潜力较大。另外,反应器在中温状态下较常温状态处理效果更佳。     

红松阔叶混交林林隙极端地面温度的地统计学分析

以小兴安岭原始红松阔叶混交林林隙为研究对象,采用网格法布点,通过对生长季内林隙各样点极端地面温度的连续观测,利用经典统计学和地统计学的方法分析并揭示了林隙极端地面温度的时空分布格局。研究结果表明:林隙极端地面温度不同空间样点之间存在异质性,而且异质性的强度、 尺度和空间结构组成随时间而改变,各月平均极端地面温度斑块形状复杂,最高地面温度大小顺序均为6月>7月>8月>9月,最低地面温度大小顺序为7月>8月>6月>9月,月平均地温的最大值和最小值分布位置不固定,同一月份地面最高温度的大小顺序是空旷地>林隙>郁闭林分,地面最低温度大小顺序是郁闭林分>林隙>空旷地。研究旨在为红松阔叶混交林的可持续经营提供基础数据和理论参考。     

Differences in nitrous oxide fluxes from red soil under different land uses in mid-subtropical China

Red soil may play an important role in nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions due to its recent land use change pattern. To predict the land use change effect on N₂O emissions, we examined the relationship between soil N₂O flux and environmental determinants in four different types of land uses in subtropical red soil. During two years of study (January 2005-January 2007), biweekly N₂O fluxes were measured from 09:00 to 11:00 a.m. using static closed chamber method. Objectives were to estimate the seasonal and annual N₂O flux differences from land use change and, reveal the controlling factors of soil N₂O emission by studying the relationship of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water filled pore space (WFPS) and soil temperature with soil N₂O flux. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly higher in hot-humid season than in the cool-dry season. Significant differences in soil N₂O fluxes were observed among four land uses; 2.9, 1.9 and 1.7 times increased N₂O emissions were observed after conventional land use conversion from woodland to paddy, orchard and upland, respectively. The mean annual budgets of N₂O emission were 0.71-2.21 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from four land use types. The differences were partly attributed to increased fertilizer use in agriculture land uses. In all land uses, N₂O fluxes were positively related to soil temperature and DOC accounting for 22-48% and 30-46% of the seasonal N₂O flux variability, respectively. Nitrous oxide fluxes did significantly correlate with WFPS in orchard and upland only. Nitrous oxide fluxes responded positively to MBC in all land use types except orchard which had the lowest WFPS. We conclude that (1) land use conversion from woodland to agriculture land uses leads to increased soil N₂O fluxes, partly due increased fertilizer use, and (2) irrespective of land use, soil N₂O fluxes are under environmental controls, the main variables being soil temperature and DOC, both of which control the supply of nitrification and denitrification substrates.     

山仔水库沉积物蓝藻复苏试验研究

采用正交试验考察了温度、光照、营养盐和物理扰动4个因素对山仔水库冬季沉积物中蓝藻复苏的影响,每个因素设置两个水平,培养周期为6 d,并以蓝藻复苏量为考察指标.结果表明,温度和光照为蓝藻复苏的主要影响因子,上覆水体的营养盐、物理扰动对沉积物中蓝藻门复苏的影响作用不显著,不同的蓝藻种属对温度和光照条件的响应程度不完全一致,蓝藻门微囊藻属(Microcystis)对温度和光照的复苏响应显著,颤藻属(Oscillatoria)仅对温度的复苏响应显著.同时,通过设置6.0~16.0 ℃之间6个温度梯度及50和2000 lx两个光照梯度,进行了沉积物柱状样复苏模拟实验.结果显示,山仔水库冬季沉积物微囊藻属和颤藻属在10 ℃左右开始复苏,微囊藻属对光的敏感性使其更容易处于优势地位.     

不同煅烧温度制备的Mn、N掺杂TiO2光催化性能研究

以MnSO4·H2O为锰源,尿素为氮源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备不同锻烧温度的纯TiO2、Mn-TiO2及Mn-N-TiO2光催化剂,利用X射线衍射、紫外-可见光漫反射光谱及电子自旋共振等技术对样品形貌和结构进行表征,并以罗丹明B的光催化降解为模型反应,考察不同锻烧温度对其光催化活性的影响.结果表明,Mn、N成功掺入TiO2后,有利于提高光催化剂的热稳定性,抑制锐钛矿相向金红石相转化,且光吸收拓展到可见光区域.Mn、N共掺杂样品比单Mn掺杂样品具有更高的光催化活性,400℃下锻烧的Mn-N-TiO2在可见光下对罗丹明B的降解具有最高的光催化活性,光照2h降解率达到100%.高温锻烧Mn-N-TiO2和Mn-TiO2样品在紫外光照射30min后对罗丹明B的降解率在90%以上.     

Y形通风采空区自燃与有害气体排放的数值模拟

基于非均质多孔介质漏风渗流方程、多相气体渗流-扩散方程和多孔介质渗流综合传热方程,建立了采空区瓦斯与自燃发火耦合数值模型,开发了用迎风格式有限元方法联立求解的计算机程序(简称G3).计算以图形方式给出各量的区域分布解,从理论上描绘了Y形通风采空区的漏风流态,动态描绘了瓦斯、氧和CO的体积分数以及温度分布状态及其变化过程,并证明了Y形通风形式能避免采空区瓦斯向工作面涌出.计算中采空区按冒落非均质介质处理,考虑了瓦斯涌出对自燃的耦合作用,给出了这种耦合作用关系和解决办法.Y形通风采煤的自燃,两者存在着顾此失彼的关系.     

具有自动清洗功能的低温等离子油烟净化装置设计与实现

为了克服现有的油烟净化器清洗困难、清洗成本高的不足,提供一种具有自动清洗功能的低温等离子油烟净化器,该具有自动清洗功能的低温等离子油烟净化器可随时清洗吸附的油烟,并且清洗容易、成本低。     

Thermal hazard and decomposition kinetics of 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium nitrate via TGA/DSC and FTIR

1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium nitrate ([Bmmim][NO₃]), a kind of versatile and novel ionic liquids, is widely applied in the modern petrochemical industry. Nevertheless, its thermal hazard safety data at high temperature or thermal disturbance conditions are currently unavailable. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the thermal risk of [Bmmim][NO₃] through auto-ignition temperature measurements, flash point analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC), TGA-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR) and thermal decomposition kinetics analysis. Additionally, [Bmmim][NO₃] was examined using isothermal thermogravimetric analysis at different temperatures (220, 230, 240, 250, 260 and 270 °C). The experimental results show that the flash point of [Bmmim][NO₃] is 305.70 ± 9.30 °C and the auto-ignition temperature is 341.00 ± 21.60 °C with an ignition delay time of 8.6 s. In addition, using the nitrogen atmosphere TGA data to calculate the activation energy according to the Friedman, Kissinger and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods, roughly the same results were obtained. Finally, TGA-FTIR results show that [Bmmim][NO₃] produced acetylene, butane, butanol and carbon dioxide during the thermal decomposition process. This study could provide data support and some guidance for the thermal hazard assessment and safety control of [Bmmim][NO₃] during its use and storage.     

高温水萃取在食品安全快速检测中的应用研究

采用高温水萃取方法对食品中农药残留、甲醛、亚硝酸盐、抗生素等成分进行快速萃取,结合分光光度法、液相色谱等分析方法进行了上述成分的快速检测研究。结果表明,蔬菜中甲胺磷的萃取条件为pH=8.0的磷酸缓冲溶液、萃取温度120℃、萃取时间2～3min;腐竹中甲醛的萃取条件为0.1mLH3PO4溶液/10mL、萃取温度120℃、萃取时间5min;肉制品中亚硝酸盐的萃取条件为5mL硼砂饱和溶液/10mL、萃取温度120℃、萃取时间5min;饲料中四环素的萃取条件为pH=2.0的盐酸溶液、萃取温度100℃、萃取时间4min。与现有的蒸馏、振荡萃取、超声萃取等预处理方法比较,高温水萃取法具有萃取效率高、精密度好、快速、简便和不使用有机溶剂的优点,可以满足实际样品快速检测的需要。     

Fenton法氧化甲基橙溶液的脱色动力学实验研究

实验对甲基橙的Fenton氧化脱色降解反应过程进行了研究,结果表明在pH值为3、反应温度为30℃的反应条件下,Fenton试剂氧化甲基橙溶液脱色反应可以用一级动力学过程来描述,而且其反应速率常数受到亚铁离子初始浓度和过氧化氢初始浓度的影响很大,经过数据拟合分别得到了反应速率常数与亚铁离子初始浓度和过氧化氢初始浓度之间的数学关系。实验还对30℃～60℃不同温度下的Fenton反应过程进行了考察,结果表明不同温度下Fenton氧化甲基橙的脱色反应仍可以用一级动力学过程来描述,而且其反应速率常数受温度变化的影响不大,基本保持恒定。